Bridge
Empirical Witness for Compositional Failure
Key result
Identification 100%, specification 0% — topology determines what bridges are needed but not how to implement them
Falsification
LLM-generated bridge specifications achieving cycle closure rates comparable to hand-crafted typed specifications
Abstract
Demonstrates that bilateral validity can coexist with compositional failure in real systems. Establishes the identification/specification gap: LLMs correctly identify topologically prescribed bridge types but fail to specify them.